Elon Musk Reveals Tesla's Ambitious AI and Autonomous Vision in CNBC Interview

Elon Musk’s recent interview with CNBC has sparked considerable interest as it delved into diverse aspects of Tesla's roadmap and strategies. The session, hosted by CNBC's David Faber, provided insights into Tesla's bold vision for autonomous vehicles, a segment that Elon Musk believes is pivotal to the company’s future. He discussed at length the logistical undertakings necessary for transforming these ambitions into reality and how innovative AI technology plays a central role in this mission.⁴

Musk also touched upon the challenges Tesla faces in maintaining and enhancing its brand image amid intense competition and scrutiny. With Tesla’s global operations, particularly in challenging markets like China, these discussions brought forward the various external factors that influence Tesla's strategic positioning.⁴ As a significant highlight, the interview featured an exploration of the Optimus robot project, positioning it as a potential revolution in robotics, with initial deployments aimed at optimizing Tesla’s own manufacturing setups.⁴

Conducted on May 20, 2025, the interview has also shed light on Musk’s leadership style and commitment to steering Tesla through forthcoming challenges. It comes at a time when analysts express concerns about his divided attention due to his engagements with other ventures. Despite these challenges, Musk’s dedication to Tesla remains firm, as highlighted in the interview, emphasizing the importance of Tesla’s advancements in the autonomous vehicle space.⁴

Tesla's ambition to lead the autonomous vehicle revolution has taken a new turn with their innovative initiatives in Austin. The company plans to launch a robotaxi service that is meticulously controlled, deploying vehicles within geofenced zones selected for their safety. This reflects a more cautious approach in contrast to Elon Musk's earlier proclamations about deploying a widespread, fully autonomous fleet. By choosing Austin as the starting ground, Tesla emphasizes safety and regulatory compliance, aiming to gradually build confidence in its self‑driving technologies. Musk's strategic decisions in this domain signal his commitment to overcoming the logistical challenges inherent in rolling out such groundbreaking technology (source: ¹).

In a revealing interview with CNBC, Elon Musk articulated a broader vision for Tesla's technological advancements, centering around AI and robotics. This includes the ambitious production of the Optimus robot, set to transform not just Tesla's own operations, but potentially those of other industries as well. The Optimus project, despite its infancy, is intended to leverage Tesla's advancements in autonomous driving technology. By targeting a production of 5,000 units in its initial year, Tesla aims to use Optimus in its factories, subsequently extending the technology's application to external companies. Musk's forward‑looking plans also include potential expansion into emerging markets, underscoring Tesla's commitment to innovation (source: Yahoo Science).

Elon Musk’s dedication to steering Tesla through a challenging landscape remains unwavering, as indicated by his continued role as CEO for at least the next five years. This commitment comes amidst some pressures, such as the need to reassure investors concerned about his focus on Tesla given his other commitments. His leadership has been cleverly compensated to align with Tesla’s future goals, ensuring that his attention remains fixated on overcoming the hurdles facing Tesla, including waning sales and external perceptions influenced by his political engagements. These developments provide a clear view of a strategic shift, aiming for a concentrated effort on the company's core ambitions (source: ²).

Musk's recent media engagements have highlighted a renewed focus on Tesla's core priorities, including their autonomous vehicle and robotics division. As noted by industry experts, such as Dan Ives, approximately 90% of Tesla's future value could pivot on these technological advancements. Musk's ability to align Tesla's operational focus with technological prowess highlights the strategic forethought in the company's trajectory. As these technologies mature, Tesla's impact on urban mobility and the broader socio‑economic landscape could be profound, ushering in wide‑scale automation and smarter city planning (source: ³).

Autonomous driving technology holds the promise of revolutionizing the transportation industry; however, it comes with significant logistical challenges that must be navigated by companies like Tesla. According to a recent,⁴ Tesla’s plans for launching autonomous vehicles are ambitious, aiming to integrate AI in a way that pushes the boundaries of current vehicular technology. Yet, this ambition is tempered by practical considerations such as geofencing necessary to ensure safety. For instance, Tesla's test trials in Austin involve confining operations to the safest areas using a small fleet of Model Y SUVs. This cautious approach reflects significant logistical hurdles, including ensuring that the autonomous driving software can handle diverse and complex driving environments safely.

Furthermore, the path to the wide adoption of autonomous vehicles involves aligning various components like hardware, software, regulatory approvals, and public acceptance. The logistical task is monumental, requiring not only technological advancements but also strategic planning to overcome geographical, legal, and cultural challenges. Tesla's efforts to start small, as seen in its geofenced trials, could offer valuable lessons on scaling operations while maintaining safety and efficiency standards. Meanwhile, Tesla CEO Elon Musk's commitment to spearheading these initiatives, despite criticisms about his concentration due to various external commitments, highlights the company’s focused approach towards addressing these logistical issues.

Logistical challenges extend beyond technical problems to encompass the ethical and regulatory landscape. The likelihood of accidents, data privacy concerns, and the ethical implications of AI decision‑making in critical situations are key factors Tesla must address. As discussed in the,⁴ gaining regulatory approval across different states and countries involves navigating a complex web of bureaucratic and legislative landscapes. Therefore, the logistics of autonomous driving is not only about technological readiness but also about ensuring accountability and compliance with an ever‑evolving legal framework.

Moreover, logistical challenges in autonomous driving amplify when considered in global contexts, such as Tesla’s operations in China. The geopolitical dimensions of introducing autonomous driving technology in a market as vast and significant as China introduce additional layers of complexity. Political relationships, as well as local regulations, might weigh in heavily on how Tesla can operate and scale its autonomous services in such markets. These hurdles showcase that while technological innovations are crucial, logistical strategy tailored to each unique market environment is equally important for success in the autonomous driving sector.

Tesla has long been at the forefront of utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance its vehicles, particularly in the context of developing autonomous driving capabilities. In a recent interview, Elon Musk detailed how Tesla's ambitious AI‑driven initiatives are poised to revolutionize not just automotive technology but also other sectors. The company's focus on AI is not merely confined to achieving full autonomy in its vehicles; it also extends to creating sophisticated robotics, such as the Optimus robot, aimed at augmenting productivity in manufacturing environments and possibly beyond. During this conversation, Musk underscored the integral role AI plays in overcoming logistical challenges within Tesla's operations, stating that successful implementation could lead to significantly increased efficiency and innovation across multiple fronts. For more insights from Musk himself, check out the.⁴

One of the pivotal focuses of Tesla's AI strategy, as discussed by Musk, is the ongoing development of the Optimus project. This humanoid robot is designed to perform tasks traditionally handled by human workers, which could lead to major shifts in labor dynamics, especially within Tesla's factories and potentially on a global scale. The deployment of the Optimus robot signifies Tesla's intent to leverage its advancements in AI for broader applications beyond vehicles. Notably, the integration of such technology could redefine manufacturing processes, as robots like Optimus take over repetitive or hazardous tasks, thereby enhancing safety and productivity. Although analysts have mixed opinions, with some characterizing the progress as underwhelming, Musk remains optimistic about achieving large‑scale production by the end of the year, as explained in a comprehensive interview available.⁴

Tesla's experimentation with AI is not limited to robots; the company continues to push forward with its autonomous vehicle program. Recent developments include initiating geofenced self‑driving tests in Austin, Texas, highlighting a more cautious and methodical approach than Musk's earlier, more optimistic predictions. These tests, executed in controlled environments, are indicative of Tesla's commitment to safety and compliance as it methodically works towards a fully autonomous driving experience. This strategic pivot arises after recognizing the regulatory complexities and technological intricacies involved in creating a universally applicable self‑driving solution. Through AI, Tesla aims to fine‑tune these systems with precision, ultimately aspiring to make autonomous vehicles a mainstream reality. For a closer look into these advancements, have a look at the detailed interview with Elon Musk on.⁴

Tesla's brand perception is intricately tied to its public relations strategy, and no figure embodies this more than its CEO, Elon Musk. The recent CNBC interview with Musk, conducted by David Faber, showcases a nuanced attempt to steer public opinion back in favor of Tesla's ambitious projects, as outlined in the interview that aired on May 20, 2025. Within this public appearance, Musk addressed critical areas such as Tesla's autonomous vehicles, AI advancements, and the much‑discussed Optimus robots. Each of these topics isn't just about technological prowess but encapsulates Musk's vision to reframe Tesla as a vanguard in sustainable and intelligent transportation. [Watch the interview here](https://www.cnbc.com/video/2025/05/20/watch‑part‑2‑of‑cnbcs‑interview‑with‑tesla‑ceo‑elon‑musk.html).

The perception of Tesla's brand has been a rollercoaster of enthusiastic support juxtaposed with intense scrutiny. Musk's proactive media engagement, particularly in interviews such as the one on CNBC, plays a pivotal role in navigating these diverse public sentiments. Despite facing challenges like brand damage due to his various ventures and political remarks, Musk's commitment to his leadership role at Tesla seeks to reassure stakeholders of the company's steadfastness and future‑oriented strategies. His reiteration of staying at Tesla for at least another half‑decade attempts to pacify investor concerns and reaffirm his dedication to Tesla's long‑term goals. Further insights from industry analysts, such as those voiced by Dan Ives from Wedbush, recognize a strategic shift in Musk's approach with a more focused inclination towards autonomous vehicles, underscoring their belief in Tesla's sustainable value being heavily reliant on advancements in this sector. [Read more insights](https://www.investopedia.com/tesla‑bull‑dan‑ives‑sees‑different‑musk‑as‑ceo‑talks‑up‑plans‑for‑ev‑maker‑11738678).

Tesla's advances in public relations also extend to how it engages with critical market regions, like China. Given the geopolitical sensitivities and potential regulatory frameworks that could shape Tesla's operational strategies there, Musk's dialogue during media interactions aims to balance this complex scenario. The public's perception of Tesla within China potentially impacts both market penetration and the shaping of regulatory policies. This delicate interaction illustrates the broader political and economic chessboard that Tesla operates on, particularly as it continues to innovate within the realms of AI and autonomous technology. [Learn more about Tesla's presence in China](https://riwi.com/research/perception‑of‑tesla‑in‑china/).

The progression of Tesla's Optimus robots reflects a daring foray into a new frontier for the company, poised to redefine both its brand and industry standards. Elon Musk's discussions about these robots aren't just about future robotics but are central to the public relations narrative that Tesla is not merely an electric car maker but a visionary leader in multiple fields of technology and automation. Industry opinions have varied, with some seeing this as an overreach of ambition, while others recognize the long‑term potential for manufacturing and beyond. This divergence in perception is something that Musk and Tesla’s PR machine adeptly attempt to navigate by casting these advances as integral components of the brand's innovative identity. [Explore opinions on Optimus robots](https://tech.yahoo.com/science/articles/tesla‑future‑robot‑legions‑first‑120000073.html).

Tesla's strategic focus on China underscores the pivotal role the country plays in its global aspirations. As the world's largest automotive market, China offers a critical testing ground for Tesla's innovations, especially as the company pushes its autonomous vehicle program. According to recent discussions detailed in an ⁴ with Tesla CEO Elon Musk, the company is leveraging its presence in China to drive growth across Asia and solidify its position as a leader in electric vehicles. This strategic positioning is vital as Tesla navigates the complex geopolitical landscape, balancing opportunities with challenges posed by foreign relations and local competitors.

The choice to emphasize China reflects a broader strategy to harness the country's progressive stance on electric vehicles and renewable energy. The Chinese government's commitment to reducing carbon emissions aligns with Tesla's mission, providing a conducive environment for the company's expansion efforts. Musk, in his recent,⁴ acknowledged the importance of maintaining a robust relationship with China, emphasizing how critical local partnerships and government compliance are to operational success. This strategic alignment not only aids Tesla in capturing market share but also strengthens its global supply chain, adding resilience against potential disruptions.

Furthermore, Tesla's commitment to China symbolizes a keystone in its approach to accessing cutting‑edge technology and AI expertise. The region's robust tech ecosystem presents invaluable resources for Tesla's development of autonomous driving technologies and AI‑powered solutions, which are crucial to the company's future growth. As Musk discussed in the,⁴ China's advancements in AI provide essential support for Tesla’s vision, allowing the company to innovate at an unprecedented pace. This, combined with local manufacturing capabilities, means Tesla can rapidly deploy and iterate its technologies in one of the most competitive markets globally.

The Optimus Robot project is one of Tesla's most ambitious ventures, aiming to revolutionize the robotics industry by leveraging the company's autonomous vehicle expertise. During a recent CNBC interview with Elon Musk, Tesla's CEO discussed the ongoing development of the Optimus robot, which is currently being assembled on a pilot production line. Musk revealed Tesla's goal of producing 5,000 units this year, initially deploying these robots within Tesla's factories to enhance operational efficiency. The long‑term vision, however, extends beyond internal use, envisioning these advanced robots working across various industries worldwide, demonstrating Tesla's commitment to pushing the boundaries of robotics technology.

Tesla's Optimus Robot initiative is deeply intertwined with the company's advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous technology. As Musk highlighted in his CNBC interview, the robots will capitalize on Tesla's sophisticated AI software developed for its autonomous vehicles, creating a unique synergy between robotics and automotive technology. Despite the excitement surrounding the project, some analysts have expressed skepticism, dubbing the current progress as underwhelming compared to Musk's far‑reaching promises. Nonetheless, Tesla's focus on AI integration sets the Optimus Robot apart, aligning with the company's broader strategy to innovate and dominate in both automotive and robotics sectors.

The development of the Optimus Robot has generated mixed reactions among experts and the public. On one hand, proponents see the potential for Tesla's robots to transform industries by automating routine tasks and enhancing productivity. This aligns with the broader implications discussed during Musk's CNBC interview, where he emphasized how AI‑driven robotic technology could reshape manufacturing and logistics. However, critics highlight the project's ambitious nature and the challenges Tesla faces in meeting its lofty production and deployment goals. As with many of Tesla's ventures, the Optimus Robot will require significant advancements in AI and robotics to fully realize its promise.

Elon Musk's vision for the Optimus Robot extends beyond just industrial application, aiming for a future where humanoid robots could perform a variety of tasks, from household chores to assisting in healthcare. This ambitious outlook reflects Musk's desire to create versatile robots with human‑like capabilities, potentially revolutionizing personal assistance and care. The recent CNBC interview captured Musk's excitement for such possibilities, emphasizing that while the journey is still in its early stages, the potential impact of fully realized humanoid robots on society could be profound. As Tesla continues to develop Optimus, the company's approach to integration and innovation will be pivotal in shaping its success.

Elon Musk's presence at Tesla has always been pivotal, and despite recent challenges, he continues to steer the company with unparalleled ambition. Recently, Musk reaffirmed his commitment to leading Tesla for at least another five years. This declaration comes at a crucial time when Tesla is facing hurdles such as declining sales and concerns from investors regarding Musk's time allocation, given his involvement with other enterprises. His significant compensation package, which has been a topic of discussion and even legal scrutiny, is designed to ensure his continued focus on the company. By embracing these challenges, Musk demonstrates his dedication to not only maintaining but also enhancing Tesla's position in the automotive and technology markets. For more details on Musk's continuation as CEO, the full interview provides critical insights into his strategic vision and priorities [source](https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/20/cars/tesla‑elon‑musk‑ceo).

The recent interview with Elon Musk on CNBC has certainly captured the attention of analysts and market participants alike. One of the most talked‑about topics was Tesla's exploratory initiatives in autonomous driving, which seem to reflect a more cautious and measured approach than previously anticipated. Tesla is set to initiate geofenced self‑driving tests using its Model Y SUVs, limiting the service to the safest areas in Austin. This strategic deployment of autonomous technology indicates a significant shift from Musk's earlier ambitions, suggesting a more pragmatic approach to achieve viability at scale. As noted during the interview with CNBC's David Faber, this move has generated diversified opinions in the market. Analysts view it as both a necessary recalibration in complex regulatory environments and a step forward in securing consumer trust. More on this can be found in the [CNBC interview](https://www.cnbc.com/video/2025/05/20/watch‑part‑2‑of‑cnbcs‑interview‑with‑tesla‑ceo‑elon‑musk.html).

Analyst Dan Ives from Wedbush offered a fresh perspective on Elon Musk's demeanor during the CNBC interview, interpreting it as evidence of Musk's renewed focus on Tesla's core business amidst diminishing government engagements. Ives has been vocal about the critical importance of Tesla's autonomous vehicle software and robotics in shaping the company's future trajectory. In his assessment, a staggering 90% of Tesla's future value could hinge on these technological advancements. The market's response to this renewed focus has been cautiously optimistic, reinforcing investor confidence in Musk's leadership to prioritize sustainable growth pathways for Tesla. Analysts, however, are keeping a close watch on how this strategic direction aligns with consumer sentiment and regulatory landscapes. The full interview with Musk, offering deeper insights into these views, is available on [CNBC](https://www.cnbc.com/video/2025/05/20/watch‑part‑2‑of‑cnbcs‑interview‑with‑tesla‑ceo‑elon‑musk.html).

Commentaries on market reactions following the interview also highlight the considerable uncertainty surrounding the ambitious deployment and development of Tesla's Optimus robots. This innovative venture exemplifies Tesla's continuous drive towards pioneering new technologies beyond electric vehicles, aiming for a transformative impact on global labor markets. Yet, this ambition has met with skepticism, with some industry observers describing the development efforts as underwhelming compared to Musk's visionary claims. Such a discrepancy between projected outcomes and current realities has stirred mixed reactions in the market, contributing to a cautious but hopeful investor sentiment. Market analysts are eager to see how Tesla navigates these challenges to harness its robotics platform's potential fully. The complex interplay between aspirations and execution underscores the dynamic nature of Tesla's evolving business strategy, as detailed more in [the interview](https://www.cnbc.com/video/2025/05/20/watch‑part‑2‑of‑cnbcs‑interview‑with‑tesla‑ceo‑elon‑musk.html).

The potential economic implications arising from Tesla's autonomous vehicle and AI ambitions, as discussed in Elon Musk's interview with CNBC, are vast and multifaceted. Central to these implications is the possibility of a paradigm shift in the transportation and logistics sectors. If Tesla successfully commercializes autonomous driving technology, it could lead to the creation of entirely new markets and business models. The integration of AI‑driven autonomous vehicles is not only poised to enhance logistics efficiency but also to catalyze the emergence of innovative service offerings such as on‑demand robotaxi fleets, which could redefine personal and public transportation dynamics. This evolution in the transport sector is crucial for businesses aiming to optimize supply chain operations and reduce overhead costs [source](https://www.cnbc.com/video/2025/05/20/watch‑part‑2‑of‑cnbcs‑interview‑with‑tesla‑ceo‑elon‑musk.html).

Moreover, Tesla's foray into robotics with the development of its Optimus robots further compounds the economic prospects. By leveraging the AI technology honed in their autonomous vehicle program, Tesla is setting the stage for potentially transformative impacts in manufacturing and service industries. The deployment of robots like Optimus could lead to significant cost reductions and productivity gains by automating routine and labor‑intensive tasks. The ripple effect of such automation—potentially leading to increased output without proportional increases in human workforce—could be felt across various sectors, substantially altering employment landscapes and economic productivity benchmarks [source](https://tech.yahoo.com/science/articles/tesla‑future‑robot‑legions‑first‑120000073.html).

Furthermore, the strategic positioning of Tesla in the Chinese market adds another layer to the economic implications. Given China's pivotal role in global manufacturing and its aggressive push towards technological leadership, Tesla's operations in the region could vitalize new economic pathways. The Chinese government's embrace of innovative automotive technologies, such as AI‑powered vehicles, aligns with Tesla's strategic objectives, potentially offering Tesla an advantageous market position amidst international competition. This alignment in goals could not only enhance Tesla's profitability but also reinforce its influence over global automotive and tech industry standards, solidifying its leadership in the field [source](https://riwi.com/research/perception‑of‑tesla‑in‑china/).

The advent of autonomous vehicles (AVs) promises to overhaul the landscape of urban planning and social behaviors. As cities around the globe begin to brace for a future interwoven with self‑driving technology, planners are tasked with reimagining urban spaces that prioritize more efficient transportation and reduced congestion. This transformative wave prompted by companies like Tesla, which is testing its geofenced self‑driving vehicles in Austin, aims to safely integrate AV capabilities into the urban fabric. As reported by CNBC, Tesla's cautious yet ambitious approach, emphasized in a recent interview with CEO Elon Musk, highlights the potential for these vehicles to redefine traditional mobility expectations and foster greater accessibility within urban environments [⁴].

Additionally, the integration of autonomous vehicles into the urban setting is expected to exert profound social impacts. By reducing reliance on personal car ownership, autonomous mobility services could lead to more community‑oriented living arrangements and alter public transport systems, thus fostering increased sustainability [AI Magazine]. There's an underlying anticipation that AVs will not only facilitate a shift towards eco‑friendly transport solutions but also support the continuous evolution of megacities into smart, responsive living spaces where technology and infrastructure coalesce effortlessly.

Furthermore, the potential deployment of autonomous vehicles necessitates a reevaluation of safety and privacy measures in urban areas. As these vehicles begin to share the road with conventional cars, pedestrians, and cyclists, establishing robust regulations and ethical guidelines becomes imperative to ensure safety and privacy. This challenge is underscored by experts, such as Dan Ives from Wedbush, who views the deployment of AV technology as critical to Tesla's value, emphasizing the societal responsibility to address these concerns thoughtfully [³].

As Tesla continues to expand its operations in China, the company must navigate a complex web of geopolitical factors. Elon Musk's recent interview with CNBC sheds light on Tesla's ambitions in the region, emphasizing their strategic importance. China is not only a massive market for electric vehicles but also a hub of technological innovation and supply chain capabilities. By establishing a significant presence there, Tesla aims to tap into these advantages while also facing unique challenges associated with foreign investment and local regulations. The Chinese government's policies on foreign enterprises, intellectual property, and trade tariffs could significantly impact Tesla's operations. Integration with China's burgeoning AI and tech industry provides both opportunities and hurdles for Tesla's expansion plans, as noted in the.⁴

Moreover, Tesla's geopolitical considerations in China are also influenced by the broader U.S.-China relations. With both nations vying for technological supremacy, Tesla's collaboration with Chinese companies and its reliance on the regional supply chain may be scrutinized under the lens of national security and economic competitiveness. During Elon's detailed discussion on Tesla's strategic direction in China in the,⁴ he hinted at how Tesla intends to balance these geopolitical realities. The potential for regulatory changes could affect how companies like Tesla align their global strategies, adapt their vehicles for local markets, and manage their supply chains amidst a shifting global landscape. This environment calls for a diplomatic approach while innovating within the constraints of international trade and political environments.

Tesla's endeavor to flourish in China also requires a nuanced understanding of local consumer behavior and market expectations, which are distinct from those in the West. China's market is particularly receptive to advancements in AI and sustainable technology, areas where Tesla aims to lead. According to insights from Musk's,⁴ the company recognizes the importance of aligning its business practices with the cultural and regulatory framework of China. Success here not only means market penetration but also establishing resilient partnerships with Chinese tech firms and suppliers. These steps are crucial in a geopolitical context, where Tesla's success or failure in China could set an influential precedent for other global tech companies operating in similar environments.

In concluding thoughts from the CNBC interview with Elon Musk, it's evident that Tesla's journey towards a future dominated by autonomous technologies is both promising and fraught with challenges. Musk's reaffirmation of his commitment to Tesla over the next five years suggests a determined pursuit of innovation in autonomous vehicles and robotics. By persistently expanding their capabilities, Tesla aims to transform urban infrastructures and craft new economic models [⁴]. The full realization of these ambitions could set the stage for unprecedented growth and influence in both the automotive and tech sectors.

Looking ahead, Tesla's cautious yet strategic moves, such as the geofenced self‑driving tests in Austin and the assembly of the Optimus robots, underline a shift towards pragmatic innovation. This approach not only enhances technological readiness but also aligns with the global demand for safer and smarter mobility solutions [¹]. However, Musk's ambitious vision for automation and AI‑driven transformations remains under scrutiny, as skepticism from various quarters highlights the challenges Tesla might face in meeting its lofty promises.

Tesla's relationships and strategies in key global markets, notably China, will continue to play a crucial role in shaping its future prospects. With geopolitical dynamics influencing the tech landscape, Tesla's brand perception and strategic maneuvering in these markets could drive its success or pose significant hurdles [source]. The outcomes of these efforts will likely dictate Tesla's ability to sustain its leadership in the EV market and expand its influence across diverse sectors.

Overall, the future of Tesla's ventures, particularly in autonomous vehicles and robotics, will depend on how well it can balance innovation with market demands and regulatory compliance. The company's adaptability to evolving challenges in these domains will be crucial in its journey to redefine mobility and automation globally. As Musk's strategic commitments unfold, the world watches keenly to see whether Tesla can pivot from a promising vision to tangible, wide‑reaching impact [³].